{"id":1623,"date":"2022-10-10T17:46:37","date_gmt":"2022-10-10T15:46:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/?p=1623"},"modified":"2022-10-10T17:46:40","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T15:46:40","slug":"tanricanin-bakislari-altinda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/tanricanin-bakislari-altinda\/","title":{"rendered":"Tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 alt\u0131nda: Pergamon \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesinde yeni ke\u015ffedilen iki kaya kutsal alan\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Felix Pirson, Bernhard Ludwig, G\u00fcler Ate\u015f<\/em><\/p>\n

Antik \u00e7a\u011fda insan\u0131n do\u011fayla olan ili\u015fkisi, \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde din \u00fczerinden \u015fekillenmekteydi. G\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u015fim\u015fek gibi do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015fafak vakti ya da ekinlerin olgunla\u015fmas\u0131 da ilahi g\u00fc\u00e7lerle ili\u015fkilendirilirdi. \u0130nsanlar, her \u015feye kadir olarak alg\u0131lanan bu g\u00fc\u00e7lere do\u011fan\u0131n gazab\u0131ndan korunmak ya da onun bereketini dilemek i\u00e7in dua ederlerdi.<\/p>\n

Antik Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ve \u00f6tesinde, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar korunmu\u015f say\u0131s\u0131z do\u011fal tap\u0131n\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fayla kurulan bu dini ba\u011f\u0131n ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. G\u00f6steri\u015fli mimariye, plastik \u00f6\u011felere ve yaz\u0131tlara sahip b\u00fcy\u00fck resmi tap\u0131naklar\u0131n aksine, esas olarak tanr\u0131n\u0131n ikamet yeri veya tezah\u00fcr\u00fc olarak tap\u0131n\u0131lan bu do\u011fal kutsal alanlar, belirgin bir kaya, bir da\u011f zirvesi, bir su kayna\u011f\u0131, bir ma\u011fara, hatta bir koru gibi do\u011fan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnekte, \u00f6zellikle kaya ve su kayna\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli do\u011fal olu\u015fumlar\u0131n bir arada oldu\u011fu da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, kaya y\u00fczeyine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ni\u015fler, oturma banklar\u0131, sunaklar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in d\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f alanlar veya suyun akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluklar, buras\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u00fclt alan\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair verilerdir. Buna ek olarak, kilden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f adak sunular\u0131n\u0131n, yani \u00f6ncelikli olarak pi\u015fmi\u015f topraktan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tanr\u0131 ya da tanr\u0131\u00e7a heykelciklerinin, kandillerin ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan \u015fenlikli adak yemekleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan seramik kaplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fal bir kutsal alan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergeleridir.<\/p>\n

Pergamon \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesinde bug\u00fcne kadar toplam d\u00f6rt kaya veya do\u011fal kutsal alan bilinmekteydi (Resim 1). Bunlar i\u00e7inde \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli bir ma\u011fara kutsal alan\u0131 olan \u201aBall\u0131k Ma\u011faras\u0131<\/a>\u2018, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda TransPergMikro<\/a> Pergamon \u00e7evresi y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015fti. Bununla birlikte, Pergamon’un surlarla \u00e7evrili \u015fehir alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde de birka\u00e7 kaya kutsal alan\u0131 tespit edilemi\u015ftir. \u015eehir i\u00e7indeki ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kaya kutsal alanlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan benzemekle birlikte, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu do\u011fal \u00e7evre ve peyzajla do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131ndan, ortama \u00f6zg\u00fc mekanlar olarak nitelendirebilece\u011fimiz \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131l\u0131klar da ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu k\u00fclt alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun ortak \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, birbirleriyle g\u00f6rsel ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131 ve Attalos hanedan\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu Philetairos (M\u00d6 281-263) zaman\u0131nda an\u0131tsal bir tap\u0131nak alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen, Pergamon’un g\u00fcneydo\u011fusundaki da\u011flarda yer alan Mamurt Kale kutsal alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kutsal alanda, aslen Orta Anadolu Frigya’s\u0131ndan gelen ve eylem g\u00fcc\u00fc do\u011fa ve bereket alanlar\u0131nda yatan ana tanr\u0131\u00e7a Kybele\u2019ye (Meter) tap\u0131n\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Pergamon’da da son derece pop\u00fclerdi; kentte di\u011fer buluntular\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fck sunak teras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek boyutlu bir heykel \u015feklinde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Pergamon \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesinde bug\u00fcne kadar bilinen kaya kutsal alanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay (Kaikos) Ovas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda tespit edilmi\u015f ve Anatanr\u0131\u00e7a\u2019ya adand\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n mevcut durumuna g\u00f6re, Meter k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn Bergama peyzaj\u0131nda insanlar ve do\u011fal alan aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun Attalos Hanedan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da desteklendi\u011fini ve ayn\u0131 zamanda topraklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesindeki y\u00f6netimlerini me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bu inanc\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Resim 1 (sol). Pergamon \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesi. Kaya veya di\u011fer do\u011fal kutsal alanlar ve Mamurt Kale\u2019deki Meter\/Kybele tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131
Resim 2 (sa\u011f). 2022 yak\u0131n \u00e7evre y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131. Yeni ke\u015ffedilen do\u011fal kutsal alanlar ve di\u011fer buluntu yerlerinin konumu<\/mark><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

Bu nedenle, Pergamon\u2019un yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bu y\u0131l ilk kez kentin be\u015f kilometre kuzeydo\u011fusuna kadar geni\u015fletilen y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda daha ba\u015fka do\u011fal kutsal alanlara ya da Meter k\u00fclt\u00fcne dair bulgulara ula\u015f\u0131p ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z merak konusuydu (Resim 2). Nitekim bu konudaki beklentilerimiz hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanmad\u0131: Kestel \u00c7ay\u0131’n\u0131n (Ketios) vadisinde, \u00f6zellikle belirgin bir kaya formasyonu g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7arpt\u0131 (Resim 3); buradan t\u00fcm vadinin g\u00f6r\u00fclebildi\u011fi ve \u00e7evresi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir mihenk noktas\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Resim 4). Kaya formasyonunun \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda, taban\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla uzun dikd\u00f6rtgen kesitli bir heykelin sabitlenmesine yarayan iki d\u00fcbel deli\u011fi bulunan bir ni\u015f tespit ettik (Resim 5). Ni\u015ften hangi alanlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclebildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir g\u00f6rsel baglant\u0131 a\u011f\u0131, ni\u015fin \u00c7oban Tepe’de tespit etti\u011fimiz Klasik D\u00f6neme ait bir kale yerle\u015fiminin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Helenistik-Roma D\u00f6nemlerine ait birka\u00e7 \u00e7iftlik evi ve mezran\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu Ketios’un a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kesimleriyle g\u00f6rsel ili\u015fkisini vurgulamaktad\u0131r (Resim 6). Ayn\u0131 zamanda, yerle\u015fim havzas\u0131n\u0131n kendi i\u00e7ine kapal\u0131 karakterinin de ni\u015fin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f alan\u0131na dar s\u0131n\u0131rlar koydu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Resim 3 (sol). Ketios Vadisi. \u00dczerinde bir ni\u015f bulunan kaya formasyonu
Resim 4 (sa\u011f). Ketios Vadisi. Ni\u015ften dere vadisinin ve Pergamon\u2019un g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/mark><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Resim 5 (sol). Ketios Vadisi. D\u00fcbel delikleri ile ni\u015f
Resim 6 (sa\u011f). Ketios Vadisi. Ni\u015ften bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rsel a\u011f. Ni\u015ften g\u00f6r\u00fclen alanlar k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ile i\u015faretli alanlard\u0131r<\/mark><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

Ni\u015fin etraf\u0131ndaki kayan\u0131n y\u00fczeyinde herhangi bir buluntuya rastlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ni\u015fin belirli bir tanr\u0131ya atfedilmesi ve tarihlendirilmesi do\u011frudan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Kayan\u0131n dibinde bug\u00fcn hala akmakta olan bir su kayna\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Her hal\u00fckarda, belirgin kaya olu\u015fumu, kaynak ve uzun dikd\u00f6rtgen kesitli bir tasvir i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ni\u015f (tahtta oturan veya naiskos i\u00e7inde duran bir fig\u00fcr?) kombinasyonu, Pergamon mikro b\u00f6lgesindeki meter tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc hakk\u0131nda \u015fimdiye kadar edindi\u011fimiz resme tamamen uymaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ancak son g\u00fcnlerinde, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki Ta\u015fl\u0131 Tepe ile birlikte Pergamon’un kuzeydo\u011fusundaki geni\u015f ve verimli bir platonun dar giri\u015fini olu\u015fturan Uzun Bay\u0131r\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu yamac\u0131nda, ikinci bir do\u011fal kutsal alan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir (Resim 2). Her iki tepe de antik d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ta\u015f oca\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Pergamon’a volkanik andezit tedarikinde kilit rol oynam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fclt alan\u0131, uzaktan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen, son derece dikkat \u00e7ekici, sivrilen bir kaya olu\u015fumunda kurulmu\u015ftur (Resim 7). Kayan\u0131n dibinde, yak\u0131n zamanda etraf\u0131 \u00e7evrilen bir su kayna\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yeni bir teras olu\u015fturulmu\u015f ve burada yer alan herhangi bir buluntunun yeri de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f ya da \u00fczeri kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r; bu nedenle bizim i\u00e7in art\u0131k veriler eri\u015filemez hale gelmi\u015ftir. Bir kutsal alan olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair i\u015faretler yine bir kaya ni\u015fi (Resim 8) ve su kayna\u011f\u0131ndaki kayan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u015flenmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r: zemin ve kaya y\u00fczeyi d\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir ve bu nedenle do\u011fal kaya y\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6ze batmaktad\u0131r. Kaya duvar\u0131nda, d\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f y\u00fczey iki dikd\u00f6rtgen ni\u015f veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tasvir panolar\u0131n\u0131n veya kabartmalar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in girintilerle \u00e7er\u00e7evelenmi\u015ftir (Resim 9). Kayadaki yapay de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, Pergamon mikro b\u00f6lgesinde, kesin olarak tespit etti\u011fimiz kaya kutsal alanlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan an\u0131msatmakta ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu alan\u0131n da basit bir k\u0131rsal kutsal alan olarak yorumlanmas\u0131na temel olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

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Resim 7 (sol). Uzun Bay\u0131r. Kaya formasyonunun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc
Resim 8 (sa\u011f). Uzun Bay\u0131r. Kaya y\u00fczeyindeki ni\u015f<\/mark><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Resim 9 (sol). Uzun Bay\u0131r. D\u00fczle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kaya y\u00fczeyi ve ni\u015fler
Resim 10 (sa\u011f). Uzun Bay\u0131r. Kaya y\u00fczeyindeki ni\u015fin g\u00f6rsel a\u011f\u0131. Ni\u015ften g\u00f6r\u00fclen alanlar k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 i\u015faretlidir<\/mark><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

Uzun Bay\u0131r’\u0131n do\u011fu yamac\u0131ndaki kutsal alandan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tespit edilen g\u00f6rsel a\u011f, \u00f6zel topografik durum sayesinde, Mamurt Kale’deki Meter kutsal alan\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fczerinde bir di\u011fer kaya kutsal alan\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Pergamon kent tepesinin do\u011fusundaki \u0130lyas Tepe’yi de i\u00e7eren \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r (Resim 10). B\u00f6ylece, Uzun Bay\u0131r’\u0131n yamac\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt alan\u0131n\u0131n, hem Mamurt Kale’ye do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmi\u015f olmas\u0131 hem de di\u011fer do\u011fal kutsal alanlarla g\u00f6rsel ba\u011flant\u0131ya sahip olu\u015fu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Kaikos\u2019un (Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Ovas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n) bat\u0131 yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fimdiye kadar rekonstr\u00fcksiyonunu yapabildi\u011fimiz Meter ve di\u011fer do\u011fal kutsal alanlar aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6rsel a\u011fa tamamen entegre oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Resim 11). \u00d6te yandan, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Ketios Vadisi\u2019nin do\u011fu kenar\u0131ndaki kutsal alan, a\u011f ba\u011flam\u0131nda izole edilmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Buradan, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda do\u011frulanmas\u0131 gereken, hen\u00fcz varsay\u0131msal olan \u015fu sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir: Herne kadar kentin tamamen g\u00fcneybat\u0131ya y\u00f6nelmi\u015f olan etkileyici g\u00f6rsel perspektifi bu tarafta daha az bask\u0131n olsa da, Pergamon\u2018un g\u00f6rsel b\u00f6lgesi Kaikos’un (Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay) do\u011fu havzas\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yordu (Resim 12). Kaya kutsal alanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesinde, yerel topografya ile ili\u015fkili olmas\u0131, g\u00f6rsel ba\u011flant\u0131 a\u011f\u0131na entegre olu\u015fu ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f mesafesini kapatmamas\u0131 birincil \u00f6neme sahip konulard\u0131. Bu kesinlikle Ketios’un a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 vadisindeki kutsal alan i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir; ancak Uzun Bay\u0131r’\u0131n do\u011fu yamac\u0131ndaki k\u00fclt alan\u0131 ise \u00f6ncelikle Pergamon’un kuzeydo\u011fusundaki verimli ova ile ilgilidir (Resim 13). Bu durum, insan ve do\u011fal \u00e7evre etkile\u015fiminde, yerel dini tezah\u00fcrler olarak kabul edebilece\u011fimiz kaya kutsal alanlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nceki resmimizi do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Uzun Bay\u0131r’daki k\u00fclt alan\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer do\u011fal ve Meter tap\u0131n\u0131m alanlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131na ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Pergamon’un g\u00f6rsel ba\u011flant\u0131 b\u00f6lgesine entegre edilmesi, kutsal alan\u0131 ziyaret edenler i\u00e7in burada ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131namayacak \u00e7ok say\u0131da ba\u015fka alg\u0131lama ve yorumlama se\u00e7ene\u011fi de yaratmaktad\u0131r. Pergamon’la g\u00f6rsel bir ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, Attaloslar\u0131n bu k\u00fclt\u00fc \u00f6zel olarak desteklemesi de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u011flamlarda \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Uzun Bay\u0131r’\u0131n do\u011fusundaki ovan\u0131n Pergamon’a tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn tedariki a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu ve ayn\u0131 zamanda metropolde kullan\u0131lan ta\u015f malzemenin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da buradan geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, b\u00f6ylesine \u00f6nemli bir do\u011fal \u00e7evrenin neden B\u00fcy\u00fck Annenin (Meter) bereket sa\u00e7an bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131n istendi\u011fi \u00f6zellikle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r hale gelmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

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Resim 11 (sol \u00fcst). Pergamon \u00e7ekirdek b\u00f6lgesi. Kent i\u00e7inde ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yer alan kutsal alanlar\u0131n g\u00f6rsel a\u011f\u0131
Resim 12 (alt). Pergamon. Kentin g\u00fcneydo\u011fudan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn rekonstr\u00fcksiyonu
Resim 13 (sa\u011f \u00fcst). Uzun Bay\u0131r. Kaya kutsal alan\u0131ndan Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Ovas\u0131\u2019na bak\u0131\u015f<\/mark><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n

\n

Bibliyografya:<\/p>\n

Ate\u015f, G., \u201ePergamon\u00b4da Do\u011fa ve K\u00fclt: Ana Tanr\u0131\u00e7a \u0130nanc\u0131 ve Do\u011fal Kutsal Alanlar. Nature and Cult in Pergamon: Meter Worship and Natural Sanctuaries,\u201c in Pergamon. Anadolu\u00b4da Hellenistik bir Ba\u015fkanet. A Hellenistic Capital in Anatolia<\/em>, edited by F. Pirson and A. Scholl, pp. 422-435. Istanbul: Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n

Pirson, F., 2017 \u201eDie Siedlungsgeschichte Pergamons \u2013 \u00dcberblick und kritische Revison. Mit einem Appendix von Anneke Keweloh-Kaletta,\u201c Istanbuler Mitteilungen 67: 43-130 (in particular pp. 61-62. 92-95)<\/p>\n

Pirson, F. and Ate\u015f G., \u201cWasser als (nat\u00fcrliches?) Element in den Naturheiligt\u00fcmern am Stadtberg von Pergamon,\u201d in Natur und Kult in Anatolien<\/em>, edited by B. Engels, S. Huy., and Ch. Steitler, pp. 59-90. Istanbul: Ege Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Pirson, F. and Ate\u015f, \u201cMeter in the Pergamon Micro-region: Formation, Functions, and Transformation\u201d, in N. Lovejoy, L. D\u00b4Alfonso, et al. (eds.) Phrygia between East and West<\/em>. Ancient Near Eastern Studies (in print)<\/p>\n

Pirson, F. and Ludwig, B., \u201cTumuli and Natural Sanctuaries: Visual Aspects of Urban Space- and Landscape-Interaction in Hellenistic Pergamon and its Micro-region,\u201d in Sacred Lands, Connecting Routes. Religious Topographies in the Graeco-Roman World,<\/em> edited by C. G. Williamson. Leiden: Brill (in print)<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Antik \u00e7a\u011fda insan\u0131n do\u011fayla olan ili\u015fkisi, \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde din \u00fczerinden \u015fekillenmekteydi. G\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u015fim\u015fek gibi do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015fafak vakti ya da ekinlerin olgunla\u015fmas\u0131 da ilahi g\u00fc\u00e7lerle ili\u015fkilendirilirdi. \u0130nsanlar, her \u015feye kadir olarak alg\u0131lanan bu g\u00fc\u00e7lere do\u011fan\u0131n gazab\u0131ndan korunmak ya da onun bereketini dilemek i\u00e7in dua ederlerdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":1615,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,1],"tags":[40,25,39],"class_list":["post-1623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archaologie-eng","category-projekt-eng","tag-dfg","tag-pergamon","tag-transpergmikro"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1623"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/72"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1623"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1648,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1623\/revisions\/1648"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1615"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}