{"id":2507,"date":"2025-05-12T07:59:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-12T05:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/?p=2507"},"modified":"2025-05-09T08:24:25","modified_gmt":"2025-05-09T06:24:25","slug":"disiplinlerarasi-arastirma-pergamonun-unutulmus-amfitiyatrosunun-hikayesini-anlatiyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/disiplinlerarasi-arastirma-pergamonun-unutulmus-amfitiyatrosunun-hikayesini-anlatiyor\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130hti\u015famdan \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe: Disiplinleraras\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, Pergamon\u2019un Unutulmu\u015f Amfitiyatrosunun Hik\u00e2yesini Anlat\u0131yor"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
\u015eekil 1 Antik kent tepesinin arka planda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu’nun rekonstr\u00fcksiyonu. (Not: Amfitiyatro, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak dokusuz ve sade beyaz olarak modellenmi\u015ftir; bu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn halini yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r.)
<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n tarihini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu, ihti\u015fam, yenilik\u00e7ilik ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn hik\u00e2yesini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bir zamanlar 15.000 ki\u015filik kapasitesiyle Roma\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6rkeminin bir simgesi olan bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yap\u0131, modern arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sayesinde g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak, zaman\u0131n tozu alt\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcredir gizli kalm\u0131\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve Y\u00f6ntemler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu (\u015eekil 1), Anadolu’da bilinen d\u00f6rt amfitiyatrodan biridir; di\u011ferleri Kyzikos (Bal\u0131kesir-Erdek-Balk\u0131z), Anazarbos (Adana-Kozan-Dilekkaya) ve Mastaura\u2019da (Ayd\u0131n-Nazilli, Bozkurt ile Eycelli aras\u0131nda) yer almaktad\u0131r. 2019\u20132021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (DAI-Istanbul) Pergamon Kaz\u0131s\u0131 ile Berlin Teknik \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden bir ekip taraf\u0131ndan, \u2018TransPergMicro\u2019 (The Transformation of the Pergamon Micro-Region between the Hellenistic and the Roman Imperial Period) projesinin bir alt projesi olarak, detayl\u0131 saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yazar\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte, bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yap\u0131ya ili\u015fkin yeni bilgilere ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; yap\u0131, hem ihti\u015fam\u0131 hem de \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yans\u0131tan \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 tarihsel bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn simgesi olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uzmanlardan olu\u015fan bir ekip taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu\u2019nda mimari belgelenme ve arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, fiziksel co\u011frafya, antropoloji, n\u00fcmizmatik, epigrafi ve jeofizik gibi farkl\u0131 disiplinlerden uzmanlar\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131yla desteklenmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece kapsaml\u0131 bir disiplinler aras\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma projesi ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Yap\u0131ya ait t\u00fcm mimari kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, fotogrametri temelli bir sistem arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fcksek hassasiyetle belgelenmi\u015f ve bu do\u011frultuda amfitiyatronun do\u011fru bir \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu modeli olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur (\u015eekil 2\u20133). S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bulgular\u0131 ile di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rma verilerinin, ileride yay\u0131mlanacak kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bir araya getirilmesi planlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 2 Tarihi yap\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen belgeleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00e7izilmi\u015f bir mimari kesit \u00e7izimi \u00f6rne\u011fi.<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
\u015eekil 3 Amfitiyatronun \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu modelinden olu\u015fturulmu\u015f g\u00f6rseller. (Not: Amfitiyatro, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak dokusuz ve sade beyaz olarak modellenmi\u015ftir; bu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn halini yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r.)<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

Kaz\u0131lar sonucunda elde edilen seramik materyal, Patricia K\u00f6gler taraf\u0131ndan incelenmi\u015f olup, M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar tarihlenmektedir. \u00d6zellikle M.S. 2. ve 3. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda alan\u0131n yo\u011fun \u015fekilde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bu buluntular, b\u00f6lgenin Helenistik d\u00f6nemde isk\u00e2n edildi\u011fini ve Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi’nde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkinlik g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, kaz\u0131larda bulunan birka\u00e7 bronz sikke, J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Chameroy taraf\u0131ndan analiz edilmi\u015f ve bu veriler, amfitiyatronun erken \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6neminden en az M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na kadar kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bunlara ek olarak, arenadaki bir arkeolojik sondajdan ele ge\u00e7irilen ve \u00f6n de\u011ferlendirmesi Wolf-R\u00fcdiger Teegen taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir e\u015fe\u011fe (Equus asinus L.<\/em>) ait kemikler, yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn i\u015flevini yitirmesinin ard\u0131ndan olas\u0131 kullan\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerine dair ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u0130n\u015faat S\u00fcreci ve Yap\u0131sal \u00d6zellikler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu\u2019nun sekiz a\u015famadan olu\u015fan bir in\u015fa s\u00fcreciyle in\u015fa edildi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bu bulgu, bu an\u0131tsal yap\u0131 ile \u00e7evresi aras\u0131ndaki sosyal ve ekolojik etkile\u015fimlere dair \u00f6nemli bilgiler sunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, yap\u0131 malzemelerine y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen hacim hesab\u0131 analizleri, bu \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki bir an\u0131tsal yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresel etkilerine ili\u015fkin kayda de\u011fer veriler ortaya koymu\u015ftur (\u015eekil 4).<\/p>\n

Arena \u00e7ap\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 38 m, amfitiyatro \u00e7ap\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 133 m olan yap\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 15.000 seyirci kapasitesine sahip olup M.S. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla M.S. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar aktif kullan\u0131mda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemden itibaren, amfitiyatro \u00f6zg\u00fcn i\u015flevini kademeli olarak yitirmi\u015f ve sistematik bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir. Bu elemanlar, di\u011fer yap\u0131larda yeniden kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; sonras\u0131nda ise yap\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcregelen uzun s\u00fcreli bir do\u011fal tahribat s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 4 Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu\u2019nun in\u015faat a\u015famalar\u0131.<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mimari \u00d6zellikler ve Konum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilinen \u00e7o\u011fu amfitiyatrodan farkl\u0131 olarak, Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu m\u00fckemmel dairesel bir plana sahiptir. Bu \u00f6zg\u00fcn geometrik formun temel nedeni, yap\u0131n\u0131n iki yamac\u0131n en verimli \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labildi\u011fi stratejik bir konumda yer almas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, yap\u0131 malzemelerinden tasarruf sa\u011flamak ve in\u015faat maliyetlerini azaltmak gibi unsurlar da bu tasar\u0131m tercihini desteklemi\u015ftir (\u015eekil 5).<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Felix Pirson\u2019un 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6zlemine g\u00f6re (Pirson 2017), antik stadyum veya circus ve tiyatro yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve Musalla Mezarl\u0131k Tepesi\u2019nde yer alan Roma \u0130mparatorluk konutlar\u0131, amfitiyatroyla birlikte, Palatin Tepesi \u00e7evresinde konumlanm\u0131\u015f Roma \u0130mparatorluk merkeziyle bilin\u00e7li bir benzerlik kuracak \u015fekilde bir mimari b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck olu\u015fturmu\u015f olabilir. Bu d\u00fczenleme, Pergamon\u2019un Roma kentsel modellerini benimseme ya da \u00f6yk\u00fcnme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki e\u011filimini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n

\"\"
\u015eekil 5 Amfitiyatronun konumunu g\u00f6steren dijital arkeolojik Pergamon haritas\u0131.<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Naumachia<\/em> Olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu\u2019nun en dikkat \u00e7ekici y\u00f6nlerinden biri, Naumachia<\/em> (deniz sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterileri) etkinliklerine ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi ihtimalidir. 2019 ve 2021 y\u0131llar\u0131nda fiziksel co\u011frafya ekibi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00f6n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar (Becker ve di\u011ferleri 2024), amfitiyatroda b\u00fcy\u00fck ve ani su hareketlerinin meydana geldi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Ancak, bu jeomorfodinamik olaylar\u0131n yap\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 kullan\u0131mda oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde mi yoksa terk edilmesinin ard\u0131ndan m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi belirsizli\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, arenadaki su hareketlerinin zamanlamas\u0131n\u0131n kesin bi\u00e7imde belirlenmesini g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmektedir. Pandemi, di\u011fer d\u0131\u015f etkenler ve arenadan ge\u00e7en aktif bir akarsuyun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle proje kapsam\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmi\u015f; bu nedenle, naumachia olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz kesin bi\u00e7imde do\u011frulanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Saha \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda Yer Alan Ekip \u00dcyeleri ve Projeyi Destekleyen Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thekla Schulz-Brize, Felix Pirson, Turgut Saner, Heinz-J\u00fcrgen Beste Mehmet Ali Akdemir, Onur Akku\u015f, Polat Akku\u015f, Havva Aslan, Adnan Ate\u015f, Fabian Becker, Marco Blechschmidt, Ali Can\u0131ben, Fatih Cambaz, J\u00e9r\u00e9mie Chameroy, Ay\u015fe \u00c7elebi, Fikri Dere, Camillo Dimai, Felix Ehmer, Emre Ek\u015fili, Ercan Erkul und sein Team, Nazan \u00c7isem Erg\u00fcn, Peter Gebhardt, L\u00e9a Geisler, \u0130lknur G\u00fcl, G\u00f6khan G\u00fcnay, Adriana G\u00fcnzel, Patricia K\u00f6gler, Paula Michalski, Sara Monz, Jana Schander, Joshua Simonis, \u0130brahim Susamc\u0131o\u011flu, Kemal \u015eamdan, \u0130layda \u015eahin, Mirko St\u00f6we, Wolf-R\u00fcdiger Teegen, Tutku Topal, Murat Tozan, Ayb\u00fcke Tu\u011flu, Sebahattin Tun\u00e7kol, Mehmet T\u00fczel, \u00d6zcan Uysal, Veli Uysal, Yunus Uysal, Victor Walser, Daniel Weisbrich, Selehattin Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Becker ve di\u011ferleri 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n

Becker \u2013 X. Yang \u2013 M. Do\u011fan \u2013 B. Sch\u00fctt, The Socio-Ecological Model of the Pergamon Micro-Region from a Geoarchaeological Perspective. How to integrate geomorphodynamics? in: Micro-Regions as Spaces of Socio-Ecological Interaction, 1st Milestone Workshop of the Project \u00bbThe Transformation of the Pergamon Micro- Region between the Hellenistic and the Roman Imperial Period\u00ab Istanbul 11\u201312 March 2022, Deutsches Arch\u00e4ologisches Institut Tagungen und Kongresse 3 (Istanbul 2024) 133\u2013144.<\/p>\n

Pirson 2017<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pirson, Die Siedlungsgeschichte Pergamons. \u00dcberblick und kritische Revision. Mit einem Appendix von Anneke Keweloh-Kaletta, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 67, 2017, 43\u2013130.<\/p>\n

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Y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n tarihini bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Pergamon Amfitiyatrosu, ihti\u015fam, yenilik\u00e7ilik ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn hik\u00e2yesini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. Bir zamanlar 15.000 ki\u015filik kapasitesiyle Roma\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6rkeminin bir simgesi olan bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yap\u0131, modern arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sayesinde g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak, zaman\u0131n tozu alt\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcredir gizli kalm\u0131\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":2494,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,19,17,1],"tags":[26,42,40,65,25,44,39],"class_list":["post-2507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archaologie-eng","category-bauforschung-eng","category-geographie-eng","category-projekt-eng","tag-amphitheater","tag-building-archaeology","tag-dfg","tag-dissertation","tag-pergamon","tag-transpergmicro","tag-transpergmikro"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2507"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2507"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2508,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2507\/revisions\/2508"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2494"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2507"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dainst.blog\/transpergmikro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}